Audio-based context awareness - acoustic modeling and perceptual evaluation

This paper concerns the development of a system for the recognition of a context or an environment based on acoustic information only. Our system uses mel-frequency cepstral coefficients and their derivatives as features, and continuous density hidden Markov models (HMM) as acoustic models. We evaluate different model topologies and training methods for HMMs and show that discriminative training can yield a 10% reduction in error rate compared to maximum-likelihood training. A listening test is made to study the human accuracy in the task and to obtain a baseline for the assessment of the performance of the system. Direct comparison to human performance indicates that the system performs somewhat worse than human subjects do in the recognition of 18 everyday contexts and almost comparably in recognizing six higher level categories.